Understand the condition before the treatment.
Clear explanations of symptoms, causes and diagnosis, and an honest view of when surgery is considered. Each page links only to medically relevant procedures.
Foot & Ankle
Foot & Ankle
Ankle Osteoarthritis
Ankle osteoarthritis is the loss of the smooth cartilage that cushions the joint between the shin bone and the ankle bo…
Foot & Ankle
Chronic Ankle Instability
Chronic ankle instability is a long-lasting problem in which the outer ankle ligaments are loose or poorly controlled,…
Foot & Ankle
Ankle Fracture
An ankle fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the ankle joint: the lower shin bone (tibia), the th…
Foot & Ankle
Achilles Tendon Rupture
Achilles tendon rupture is a complete or near-complete tear of the thick cord joining the calf muscles to the heel bone…
Foot & Ankle
Plantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is irritation and small tears in the thick band of tissue under the foot that links the heel to the t…
Foot & Ankle
Bunions (Hallux Valgus)
Bunions are a bony bump on the inner edge of the foot where the big toe drifts toward the smaller toes. The joint at th…
Foot & Ankle
Flat Feet (Adult Acquired Flatfoot)
Flat feet means the arch on the inner side of the foot is low or has dropped, so most of the sole touches the ground. I…
Foot & Ankle
Hammertoe
Hammertoe is a bend in the middle joint of a smaller toe, so the toe curls downward like a claw or hammer. It usually a…
Foot & Ankle
Hallux Rigidus
Hallux rigidus is arthritis of the main joint of the big toe. The cartilage wears, bony spurs build up on top, and the…
Foot & Ankle
Morton's Neuroma
Morton's neuroma is a thickening of the nerve that runs between two toes, most often the third and fourth. It causes bu…
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